When Pakistan's new president, Asif Ali Zardari, was inaugurated this week, Afghan President Hamid Karzai was the only foreign head of state in attendance.

His presence was generally regarded as an opportunity to move toward a rapprochement between neighbors whose relations have been rocky for as long as anyone can remember.

The effort appeared to take on new significance as Washington signaled it was taking a harder line in its efforts to stamp out the threat of international terrorism from Al-Qaeda and other militants in Pakistan's tribal belt bordering Afghanistan.

In the Pakistani capital for this week's inauguration, Karzai and Zardari vowed to enhance cooperation and indicated they agreed on how to battle insurgents in their border regions.

Careful observers in the region cite strong indications that the political will for rapprochement exists in both Islamabad and Kabul. But they also question whether support within Pakistan's civilian government is sufficient, since it's unclear whether the country's powerful military shares that view.

Ahmed Rashid, a Pakistan-based journalist who has covered the region for three decades and written a number of books on militancy and state building in South and Central Asia, said President Zardari's biggest "battles" are not with his Afghan counterpart -- and won't be won overnight.

He said Zardari "will have to fight with the military, with the intelligence services, to try and change the Afghan policy rather than any kind of tensions with Karzai."

He noted that Zardari's late wife, former Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, struck up a good rapport with Karzai shortly before she was assassinated last year, and said the new president has now followed suit.

Closing A Haven

Kabul, Washington, and NATO blame Taliban and Al-Qaeda sanctuaries in tribal areas for much of the violence in Afghanistan. The United States has recently stepped up attacks against Taliban and Al-Qaeda elements inside Pakistan.

Hundreds of militants, soldiers, and civilians have been killed in recent months in fighting between Pakistani security forces and Islamist militants, generally identified as Taliban, in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and the Northwest Frontier Province.

"There is still a lot of frustration by NATO and the Americans regarding Pakistan," Rashid said ahead of the report that U.S. President George W. Bush gave a green light in July to cross-border operations. "There still seems to be no indication about Pakistan moving against the Afghan Taliban leadership, some of which is living in [the southwestern Pakistani province] of Baluchistan. I think [that] until we start seeing the Pakistanis wrapping [up] some of the Afghan Taliban leadership, I don't think there is really going to be a major shift on the ground."

International media had indicated recently that the Pakistani military leadership was in broad agreement with Washington on pushing for a more robust effort to eliminate militant sanctuaries on its soil.

"We are working with Pakistan in a number of areas, and I do believe that Islamabad appreciates the magnitude of the threat from the tribal areas, particularly considering the uptick in suicide bombings directed at Pakistani targets," U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates told the House of Representatives' Armed Services Committee on September 10. "During this time of political turmoil in Pakistan, it is especially critical that we maintain a strong and positive relationship with the government, since any deterioration would be a setback for both Pakistan and Afghanistan. The war on terror started in this region; it must end there."