Turajonzoda was born in 1954 near Dushanbe. He received his education at the Islamic Institute in Tashkent and later studied at Amman University in Jordan. He worked in Tashkent in the International Relations Department of the Spiritual Administration of Muslims from 1985-87.

In 1988, he was selected to head the Tajik SSR's official religious institutions in the capacity of Qazi-kalon (chief judge), and in 1990 he was elected to the Tajik Supreme Soviet.

During Tajikistan's 1992-97 civil war, Turajonzoda allied himself with the Islamic Renaissance Party (IRP) and the United Tajik Opposition (UTO). He spent the period 1993-98 in exile, traveling widely and eventually participating in the negotiations that brought the civil war to an end.

By the late 1990s, Turajonzoda had broken with the IRP and joined the government of Tajik President Imomali Rakhmonov, where he remains today in the post of deputy prime minister.

Turajonzoda has been a consistent voice for reconciliation and moderation. In published statements, he has criticized both extremist organizations and the government repression that fuels their growth in Central Asia.