Czech President Milos Zeman said Russia's invasion of Ukraine was "a cold shower" for him and many others who misjudged Moscow, and he argued that Russian President Vladimir Putin should face a "war [crimes] court" and Russian justice over his actions.
A longtime critic of international sanctions to punish Russia's unrecognized annexation of Crimea and its support for armed separatists in eastern Ukraine, the 77-year-old head of state said the intensified war on Ukraine "is truly and ultimately a war against the whole of the West and Western democracy."
"It is a war against the world order as we know it, and it affects us," Zeman said on June 2, in written responses to questions from RFE/RL's Ukrainian Service.
He added that "there is much more to Ukraine than 'just' Ukraine."
The Czech Republic, a NATO and EU member of around 10 million people, has emerged as one of the most active suppliers of weapons and diplomatic support for Kyiv since Russian tanks and troops rolled into Ukraine on February 24.
Ukrainian banners and flags are ubiquitous on trams and other public places as well as private balconies and windows in the capital, Prague.
More than 300,000 Ukrainians have entered the Czech Republic since the outbreak of war, according to the UNHCR, although there are current efforts to scale back some avenues of official support.
Zeman called the Czech public's response one of "unprecedented solidarity" and he said he was "in complete agreement" with Czech Prime Minister Petr Fiala "on a principled approach to Ukraine."
Fiala accompanied his Polish and Slovenian counterparts to Kyiv by train just three weeks into the war in a risky show of international support for President Volodymyr Zelenskiy and Ukraine's military and civilian defenders.
"While the historical parallel that 'Prague is being fought for in Kyiv,' which is often repeated these days in connection with the unfortunate events in Ukraine, has been somewhat exhausted and become an empty phrase…the war on Ukraine is truly and ultimately a war against the whole of the West and Western democracy," Zeman told RFE/RL.
Zeman's televised speech to the nation on the first day of the invasion surprised Czechs who had become accustomed to a more accommodating stance from the former dissident economist and his advisers urging unfettered diplomatic and economic ties with Russia.
Zeman suggested in the months after Moscow invaded and annexed Crimea and began supporting armed separatists in eastern Ukraine in 2014 that Ukraine was enduring a "civil war." Three years later he said Russia's annexation of Crimea was a "fait accompli."
On February 24, Zeman admitted he had been wrong in thinking that "Russians aren't crazy and won't attack Ukraine," calling it a "crime against peace."
In early March, Zeman awarded Zelenskiy with the Czech Republic's highest state honor, the Order of the White Lion, for "his bravery and courage in the face of Russia's invasion."
In his written responses to RFE/RL, Zeman compared his desire for good relations with Moscow with policies by the German and French governments, saying that treating Russia "like a normal country" was "completely natural and all the relevant European and world statesmen did it."
"However, the situation changed fundamentally the moment of the Russian aggression in Ukraine, and when the situation changes, so does your opinion," he said.
He called Putin's war "clear...aggression against a sovereign state."
"The attack on Ukraine was a cold shower for many people in Russia and elsewhere, and I'm one of them," Zeman admitted.
He likened his previous approach to Moscow to those of former German Chancellor Angela Merkel and French President Emmanuel Macron in trying to promote their countries' national interests, saying it is "simply absurd" to avoid dialogue with the leader of "a country that occupies one-sixth of the world."
But he was critical of Putin, who along with Russian commanders and troops has faced international accusations of war crimes against civilians and even "genocide" from some critics.
"Today, I think Putin truly belongs before a war [crimes] court, and at the same time before a Russian court for everything he has been willing to do with Russia," Zeman said. "Putin decided to invade Ukraine despite knowing what would follow -- that is, the unavoidable retaliatory measures in the form of economic and political sanctions that would hit Russia hard."
He said Putin had "decided to isolate Russia and Russians."
Zeman said his statement in Strasbourg in 2017 about Russian control of Crimea was an effort to address "the elephant in the room" at the time and added that "the question that I tried to open still persists: What will become of Crimea?"
But he acknowledged that "yes, it was somewhat undiplomatic and today I wouldn't speak so candidly about" the Crimea question.
An economist by training, Zeman has been a vocal opponent of economic sanctions in the past.
He and another economically oriented postcommunist Czech leader, Vaclav Klaus, spent decades clashing publicly with the face of then-Czechoslovakia's Velvet Revolution, Vaclav Havel, over the role of moral and rights imperatives in shaping foreign policy.
Now, Zeman told RFE/RL, the "resolute and unprecedented" imposition of more than 6,000 sanctions around the world against Russia is merited, "and the level of unity is admirable."
"You know, I've never been in favor of economic sanctions. But in this case, it's one of the functional tools that we as Europe still have. And they have an impact on the Russian economy, as evidenced by many economic indicators."
But he noted that the ruble has stabilized since an initial shock and Russia's ongoing sales of oil and gas allow Moscow to continue the war effort.
"Above all, the Russian leadership needs to be shown that such conduct is unacceptable," Zeman said. "Aggression has no place in 21st-century Europe."
Zeman said that in addition to other economic and financial measures, "we should...continue to open the European market to Ukraine and vice versa, of course."
Kyiv has formally applied for fast-tracked EU membership since the invasion began, a step similarly taken by nearby Georgia and Moldova, both of which have Russian troops on their territory against their governments' wishes.
Zelenskiy has consistently pressed NATO countries for greater military support and more advanced weaponry. Prague has already provided more than 3 billion crowns ($130 million) in military supplies to Ukraine, Zeman said.
He said that while "you can't fight the aggressor without weapons," he understands that the supply of some kinds of weapons and military equipment is unacceptable to some NATO allies.
"In short, I believe weapons to Ukraine, yes, but certainly with a dose of common sense," Zeman said.
He was cautious about any effort to add Ukraine to the current list of 30 NATO member states, a possibility that Putin last year described as a "red line" for Moscow.
Zeman said the topic is likely to arise again, since it has reportedly come up in discussions between the Ukrainian and Russian sides.
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"Generally speaking, it's clear that any enlargement of NATO takes place within a geopolitical context that it's necessary to take into consideration in a sober and in-depth way," Zeman said. "We have to think in a broader context and with a long-term perspective in mind."
Historically neutral Sweden and Finland have vowed to join NATO since Putin's invasion of Ukraine, although their bids have met with an unexpected obstacle from member Turkey's leadership.
Zeman said predictions about the Ukrainian conflict are difficult and expressed pessimism at the current course of the war, saying, "It seems that we're still pretty far from any diplomatic reconciliation."
"I fear that the most likely scenario currently appears to be the so-called war of attrition," he said.
He also acknowledged it is difficult to know whether Russian military strategists envisage any attack on states west of the Ukrainian border.
"But I know one thing: If Russia were to attack a NATO member state, that would mean surrendering its own existence," Zeman said. "This would most certainly be followed by a retaliatory strike by the North Atlantic alliance and, unfortunately, nuclear war. Russia would thus have unleashed a tragedy not only for itself but for the whole world."
