Watchdog

The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) has ordered Russia to pay compensation to a human rights activist, ruling that his hate-crime conviction violated his right to freedom of expression.

The Strasbourg-based court ruled on October 3 in favor of Stanislav Dmitriyevsky, an activist from Nizhny Novgorod.

Dmitriyevsky was tried after he published articles containing statements by Chechen separatist leaders Aslan Maskhadov and Akhmed Zakayev in his newspaper, Pravo-Zashchita (Rights Defense), in 2004.

Local authorities accused him of extremism, and he was convicted of inciting hatred "associated with violence" and handed a suspended two-year prison sentence in 2006.

In its ruling, the ECHR said it found that Russian courts handling his case based their decisions on the conclusions of a linguistic expert, which it said they accepted at face value without examining the merits of her conclusions.

"Overall, in the court's opinion, the views expressed in the articles cannot be read as an incitement to violence, nor could they be construed as instigating hatred or intolerance liable to result in any violence," the ruling said.

The ECHR ruled that Russia violated Dmitriyevsky's right to free expression under Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights.

It ordered Russia to pay him a total of 13,615 euros ($16,000), including expenses.

Tajikistan's state language committee is demanding that Wikipedia correct what it described as "spelling mistakes" in the online encyclopedia's Tajik-language content.

The committee claims that numerous Tajik words have been misspelled and warns the errors violate the country's state-language law and therefore make Wikipedia legally liable for the mistakes.

Tajik officials have been scrutinizing Wikipedia for the past two weeks, the deputy head of the language committee, Saodatsho Matrobiyon, said on October 2.

The committee has warned the publishers of Wikipedia's Tajik-language pages about the errors and suggested that "all spelling mistakes must be corrected," the state agency's official website says.

It remains unclear whether or even how Tajik authorities could potentially take legal action against Wikipedia, a nonprofit, multilingual online encyclopedia that relies on a worldwide community of volunteers to write, edit, and correct its millions of pages.

'Senseless' Demand

Ibrohimjon Rustamov, a U.S.-based Tajik scholar who takes an active part in writing and editing Wikipedia's Tajik-language content, says Tajik officials' demand indicates how "unaware" they are about how the website operates.

Wikipedia "is free and public, it's edited by the world community, sometimes anonymously," Rustamov told RFE/RL. "It's senseless to demand editing from a source that can be edited by anyone, including by Tajikistan's language-committee specialists," Rustamov added.

He urged the committee to "mobilize its own editors to improve the Tajik content in Wikipedia, instead of killing initiatives by others."

Rustamov, who studied educational technology in the United States, was among the first Tajik volunteers to take the initiative to write and edit Tajik-language material for Wikipedia more than a decade ago.

Rustamov wrote his first article for the site in 2006, when he worked as an English-language teacher in his native Isfara, a small town in northern Tajikistan.

Administrative Punishments

In 2014, Tajik President Emomali Rahmon praised the initiative and called on Tajik scholars and writers to help improve Wikipedia's Tajik-language pages.

The language committee has, in the past, warned hundreds of businesses and institutions across the country to correct or change their names according to Tajikistan's state-language law. Dozens of "offenders" have been subject to administrative punishments, including fines.

Founded in 2001, Wikipedia is made up of more than 40 million articles in nearly 300 languages. The website's content can be written, edited, and modified by anyone, and the writers are encouraged to back up their statements with verifiable references and to avoid injecting opinion. Bad content, factual errors, and typos are usually swiftly spotted and deleted or corrected by other editors.

Written and reported by Farangis Najibullah with additional reporting by RFE/RL's Tajik Service