live Iran War Enters Its Second Week

Turkey summoned the Iranian ambassador to Ankara to the Foreign Ministry on March 4 to express concern over a ballistic missile that was fired from Iran and headed toward Turkish airspace.

The Turkish Defense Ministry announced the interception and destruction of the missile hours earlier, saying parts of the defense system used to intercept the missile fell in the country's Hatay Province, but there were no casualties in the incident.

Turkish Foreign Minister Hakan Fidan also contacted his Iranian counterpart, Abbas Araqchi, and called for avoiding any action that would lead to the spread of war.

Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth has confirmed that a US submarine sank ‌an Iranian warship off the coast of Sri Lanka as military officials said Iran is firing fewer missiles at targets around the Gulf region due to its decimated capabilities to wage war.

Speaking at a briefing on March 4, Hegseth called the attack -- which left at least 87 seamen dead with dozens of others injured or missing -- "quiet death." Sri Lankan authorities said 32 Iranian sailors were rescued.

"An American submarine sunk an Iranian warship that thought it was safe in international waters. Instead, it was sunk by a torpedo," Hegseth said.

To read the full report, click here.

For the first time in 36 years, Iran finds itself having to pick a new supreme leader.

It has happened only once before, in 1989, after the death of the founder of the Islamic republic, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, paved the way for Ayatollah Ali Khamenei to take over.

While Khomeini died of natural causes, Khamenei was killed on the first day of a joint US-Israeli military campaign against Iran on February 28. Now the 88-seat Assembly of Experts must convene in secret to select his successor.

Alex Vatanka, director of the Iran Program at the Washington-based Middle East Institute, told RFE/RL that whoever emerges will be chosen on a single criterion: political expediency. The Assembly of Experts is today a "rubber-stamp body" and the process will be driven by circumstance rather than grooming, Vatanka argued.

Many names over the years have been thrown around as potential successors to Khamenei, but currently three candidates are widely considered to be frontrunners: Mojtaba Khamenei, Alireza Arafi, and Hassan Khomeini.

To read the full report, click here.

The ongoing war in Iran and airspace closures in the region have forced airlines to reroute, creating congestion across alternative paths connecting Europe and Asia. In particular, the Afghan Taliban have been experiencing a windfall in transit fees amid a surge in flights over its territory.

Despite recent clashes and air strikes between Pakistan and Taliban‑controlled areas of Afghanistan, the airspace over both countries, known as the Afghan‑Pakistan Corridor, is now one of the few alternatives to the southern routes.

Live FlightRadar data shows the number of daily flights over Afghanistan has jumped from about 50 to over 280 per day -- representing a fivefold increase -- since February 28. Pilots must fly high and follow strict paths because most of Afghanistan lacks formal air-traffic control.

Transit flights generate revenue for the Taliban, who charge $700 per aircraft without providing any air-traffic control services. The surge in flights is already bringing the Taliban a sudden windfall, with an estimated $196,000 daily in transit fees.

Another crucial route is the Caucasus. Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia have emerged as a major alternative for Europe‑Asia flights. Pilots must navigate close to restricted airspace over both Russia and Iran. As of March 4, the Caucasus air corridor is experiencing a massive surge in traffic, with volume roughly tripling following the start of military operations in Iran on February 28.

Major carriers such as Lufthansa, Singapore Airlines, and British Airways, as well as regional airlines like Uzbekistan Airways and Air Astana, are using both corridors to keep routes open.

FlightRadar24 has noted long lines of planes in the Afghan airspace, which airlines had until recently almost completely avoided. The last time a dramatic increase of flights over Taliban‑controlled airspace was recorded was during June 2025 war on Iran.

WARSAW -- EU foreign policy chief Kaja Kallas says she doubts Iran's capacity to sustain its pace of attacks on countries across the Middle East given its decimated military following the 12-day war last year with Israel and the current US-Israeli campaign launched against it over the weekend.

"We have to understand that the Iranian capacities are not endless, especially if also the big friends are not supporting them," she told RFE/RL in an interview conducted in Warsaw on March 4.

"Americans have also said that their target is the missile launchers and missile factories, then their capacity to cause harm is also and maybe more limited than they want to show. So this is always also a fight for narratives."

To read the full report, click here.

Balkan, in western Turkmenistan along the Iranian border, is one of the first regions to feel any disruption in trade from Iran. Residents there are reliant on imported goods arriving daily from nearby crossings, so even minor delays or price changes in Iranian shipments are immediately noticeable in local markets.

As one Balkan resident put it: "We are almost entirely dependent on Iran for both food and household items. Without these imports, our markets would be nearly empty."

Another resident, reporting on current market shortages, said there are already apparent shortages due to cargo from Iran being held up. "Five liters of Iranian cooking oil used to be 150 manats ($29), and today it's 200. Prices for cleaning and chemical products have gone up by 5 manats across the board. Some shops that normally sell Iranian food in bulk are now selling only in small quantities."

Ashgabat, Turkmenistan's capital, located just 25 kilometers north of the Iranian border and roughly 350 kilometers northeast of the main Sarakhs crossing, sees supply fluctuations and price increases with a slight lag after border regions. But residents there are feeling the pressure on daily staples.

To read the full report, click here.

The United States is considering arming Iranian Kurdish opposition groups based in neighboring Iraq, according to reports, in a move that could open a new front in the war on Iran and risks igniting a civil war in the Middle East country.

Several Iranian opposition Kurdish groups are based in Iraq's semi-autonomous Kurdish region and have been waging a low-level insurgency against Tehran for years. Some have demanded autonomy within Iran while others are fighting for secession from the Islamic republic.

The possibility of the United States supplying weapons to Iranian Kurdish groups and supporting potential cross-border ground attacks in the western part of the country comes as the United States and Israel wage a massive aerial bombardment of Iran.

To read the full report, click here.

As US military operation names go, Epic Fury marks a break from tradition.

The title for the ongoing American strikes on Iran, "is unusual for its edginess," Mark Cancian, a senior adviser with the Washington-based Center for Strategic and International studies told RFE/RL. "Operations more commonly have names that will appeal to a wide audience, like Iraqi Freedom," he added, referencing the official name for the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

The former US Marine Colonel says the name for the war on Iran would have been selected from a list of options generated by military staffers "based on their sense of what [US defense chief Pete Hegseth], wanted to convey."

Read more here.

Washington's objectives in the war with Iran are both military and political, including neutralizing the threat Tehran poses to the United States and its allies and creating conditions for political change inside the country, according to Nathan Sales, a former U.S. ambassador-at-large and coordinator for counterterrorism who is now a distinguished fellow with the Atlantic Council’s Middle East Programs.

Sales said a key short-term measure of success would be how quickly Iran’s attacks begin to decline. In his view, a drop in missile and drone strikes would show that the US campaign is weakening Iran’s ability to continue attacking.

“I think operations to target the security services are also important because those are the elements of the regime that would try to put down any uprising, any future uprising by the Iranian people to restore democracy and freedom to their country”.

Sales also warned that the war could create security threats beyond the Middle East.

Read the interview by RFE/RL's Amra Zejneli Loxha here.

NATO has condemned Iran’s “targeting” of Turkey after Ankara said a missile heading toward its airspace had been intercepted by alliance air defense systems.

Turkey’s Defense Ministry said on March 4 that a ballistic munition launched from Iran passed through Iraqi and Syrian airspace before being engaged by NATO air and missile defense assets stationed in the eastern Mediterranean.

The missile was destroyed before reaching its target, and debris from the intercept fell in the Dortyol district of Hatay Province, with no casualties reported.

Following the incident, Turkey cautioned Tehran against actions that might escalate the conflict. In a phone call with his Iranian counterpart, Foreign Minister Hakan Fidan said that “any steps that could lead to the spread of conflict should be avoided,” according to a Foreign Ministry source.

NATO spokeswoman Allison Hart said the alliance “stands firmly with all allies, including [Turkey],” and stressed that NATO’s deterrence and defense posture remains strong as Iran continues attacks across the region.

With reporting by Reuters and AFP